Polity~14 min read
Union, States, Judiciary, bodies
President to panchayats; CAG, ECI, UPSC, NHRC, tribunals.
- President: elected by elected MPs + elected MLAs (weighted). Impeachment Art. 61. Pocket veto exists; suspensive veto on non-money bills.
- Parliament: Lok Sabha 5 years; Rajya Sabha permanent, 1/3 retire every 2 years. Money Bill Art. 110 — Speaker’s certificate. Joint sitting Art. 108 (not for Constitution amendment or money bill).
- Supreme Court: original (Art. 131, 32), appellate, advisory (143). Collegium: Second/Third Judges cases. NJAC (99th) struck down in Fourth Judges case.
- CAG (Art. 148): appointed by President, removed like SC judge; reports to President/Governor laid in the House. Comptroller as well as Auditor.
- ECI (Art. 324): CEC + ECs; 2023 Act — selection committee PM + LoP + nominated Cabinet Minister (after Anees Ahmed / earlier CJI-in-committee debate).
- UPSC (Art. 315–323): conducts this exam. Members appointed by President; 6-year or 65-year term.
- NHRC: Protection of Human Rights Act 1993; chairperson retired CJI/SC judge (after 2019 amendment, also retired CJ of HC).
- 73rd/74th: 3-tier panchayats; 29 subjects 11th Schedule; 18 subjects 12th; State EC; State FC.
- Labour is Concurrent; EPFO is a Central organisation under MoL&E.
Video Lectures & Explanations
Curated educational video lectures explaining this topic for UPSC EPFO