Economy~12 min read

Population, development, globalisation

Census, demographic dividend, HDI, globalisation channels.

Census 2011: population 1.21 billion; decadal growth 17.7%; density 382; sex ratio 943; child sex ratio 919; literacy 74.04% (female 65.46%). Census 2021 delayed.
Demographic dividend: working-age bulge; depends on education, health, jobs. Window is state-specific (south ageing earlier).
NFHS-5: TFR 2.0 (below replacement 2.1); institutional births, insurance coverage, anaemia remain exam-friendly.
HDI (UNDP): health (life expectancy), education (mean & expected years), GNI per capita (PPP). India in medium category; IHDI adjusts for inequality.
Development: Sen’s capabilities; SDGs (17 goals, 2015–2030). NITI SDG India Index.
Globalisation: trade, capital, technology, people, ideas. LPG 1991. Benefits: growth, choice, remittances. Costs: inequality, footloose capital, cultural stress, labour informalisation.
WTO, G20, BRICS, IPEF, FTAs (India–UAE CEPA, India–EFTA) as current hooks.

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